The Role of AI in Predictive Policing in Punjab: Ethical Challenges and Policy Implications

Abstract

The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in predictive policing has brought about significant changes in law enforcement practices across the globe. However, it has also sparked complex ethical and policy concerns. In the context of Punjab, Pakistan—where AI technologies like those implemented under the Safe City Project are becoming more prevalent—predictive policing signals a significant shift in how the state conducts surveillance and manages public safety. This study critically examines the ethical dilemmas and policy implications of AI-driven policing in the province. Drawing upon a systematic literature review of 26 academic and policy sources, and framed by Accountability Theory, Ethical AI Governance Principles, and Contextual Integrity Theory, it explores systemic issues such as algorithmic bias, lack of institutional transparency, weak data governance, and the disproportionate impact on vulnerable communities. The findings highlight that, while AI tools can improve efficiency, their deployment in Punjab often mirrors and exacerbates existing societal inequalities, largely due to an absence of adequate legal safeguards. The article also evaluates the applicability of international frameworks such as the EU AI Act to the governance realities in Punjab. The article concludes with a set of contextually grounded policy recommendations—ranging from legislative reform to participatory oversight—that aim to align predictive policing in Punjab with democratic principles, fostering public trust while ensuring ethical innovation.