Comparative Analysis of Electric Vehicle Policies and Charging Infrastructure: Global and Pakistani Perspectives

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17611939

Abstract

This study critically examines Pakistan’s electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure through SWOT and PESTLE analytical frameworks, situating the national context within global policy and technological trends. The analysis identifies key strengths, including the National EV Policy (2020), the government’s target of 30% EV adoption by 2030, lower charging costs compared to conventional fuels, and growing private sector engagement. However, challenges such as the limited and uneven distribution of charging stations, a lack of universal connector standards, weak consumer awareness, and insufficient technical expertise hinder widespread adoption. Opportunities lie in integrating renewable energy sources such as solar-powered microgrids, fostering public–private partnerships, and generating employment through EV manufacturing and services. At the same time, high upfront costs, dependence on imported vehicles and batteries, and risks of workforce displacement in the fossil fuel sector represent major threats. Politically, inconsistent policy enforcement and provincial–federal coordination gaps hinder progress, while legally, regulatory voids regarding safety, standardization, and private participation remain unaddressed. Environmentally, EV adoption aligns with Pakistan’s climate commitments to reduce emissions by 50% by 2030, yet battery disposal poses an emerging hazard. Overall, the study highlights the importance of coherent policy implementation, investment in localized technologies, and inclusive infrastructure planning to accelerate Pakistan’s transition to sustainable electric mobility. Pakistan, particularly Punjab, faces severe smog conditions each year from September to November. During this period, air quality deteriorates drastically, leading to widespread health concerns, reduced visibility, and compromised mobility. The situation often disrupts daily life, including transportation, education, and economic activities, while posing serious risks to public health. The recurring smog crisis in Pakistan, particularly in Punjab, can be attributed to multiple factors; however, one of the key contributors is emissions from fossil fuel–based vehicles. While official statistics for 2025 are not publicly available, the most recent data from CEIC (2020) reported 11,336,000 registered vehicles in Punjab, up from 10,559,000 in 2019. This steady increase in vehicular numbers, without corresponding improvements in fuel quality, emission controls, or the promotion of cleaner transportation alternatives, significantly contributes to deteriorating air quality during the smog season (September–November).