Pakistan–Afghanistan Relations: Challenges, Conflicts, and Prospects for a Cooperative Environment

Abstract

Pakistan-Afghanistan relations have historically been shaped by deep political mistrust, unresolved border disputes, and persistent security challenges. Since 1947, issues such as the Durand Line, cross-border militancy, refugee movements, and external interventions have strained bilateral ties and limited meaningful cooperation. The situation has become more complex after the Taliban’s return to power in 2021, intensifying Pakistan’s concerns over border security, terrorism, and regional stability. This study examines the key challenges and conflicts influencing Pakistan–Afghanistan relations, with a focus on security dynamics, border management, and the role of non-state actors, while also exploring prospects for cooperation in trade, transit, counterterrorism, and regional connectivity. It argues that despite enduring tensions, shared security and economic interests provide opportunities for pragmatic engagement, and that confidence-building measures, mutual respect for sovereignty, and effective regional diplomacy are essential for transforming a historically conflict-prone relationship into a more stable and cooperative partnership.