Child Labour in Karachi's Night Shifts: Exploring the Impact on Health, Education, and Socioeconomic Development (With Case Studies)

Abstract

Child labour continues to be a critical developmental challenge in Pakistan, particularly in metropolitan cities such as Karachi. This research article examines the phenomenon of child labour in night shifts, focusing on its multidimensional impact on children’s health, education, and
long-term socioeconomic outcomes. While child labour has been widely studied, the specific implications of nocturnal labour remain underexplored. This study integrates theoretical perspectives, empirical literature, and qualitative case studies to highlight the unique vulnerabilities faced by children working during nighttime hours. Findings suggest that night-shift child labour significantly disrupts biological rhythms, contributes to severe health complications, leads to educational exclusion, and perpetuates intergenerational poverty. The study concludes with comprehensive recommendations aimed at addressing structural inequalities and strengthening child protection mechanisms.