The Journal provides an international forum for the discussion and rapid dissemination of research findings in the field of Social Sciences, Physical and Numerical Sciences, Humanities, Life Sciences, Engineering and Health Sciences ranging from primary level to provincial, national and international levels. Additionally, The research invites commentaries and original opinion pieces or analyses of issues and events of concern to the concern domains. Views expressed in the Journal are authors’ views, based on their research works and analyses, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the research itself. The aims to provide a platform for researchers, academicians, professionals, practitioners, and scholars to impart and share knowledge in the form of high quality empirical and theoretical based research papers, case studies, literature reviews, and book reviews. The Journal provides a forum for the publication of original papers on a variety of subjects reflecting the socio-economic, political issues, and sustainable development goals. Areas of interest for the Journal include, but are not limited to, the following Subjects: Business Studies, Education, Sociology, Psychology, Political Science, International Relation, Economics, Sports Science, Tourism, Law, English language, Linguistics and literature, Home Economics, Islamic Studies, Geography, Computer Science, Physics, Mathematics, Statistics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Pharmacy, Agriculture Sciences, All Fields of Engineering and Health Sciences. Preference is given to the contributions based on empirical research. However, book reviews and theoretical articles of immense importance and relativity; and of social scientists are also published. The Journal provides an international forum for the discussion and rapid dissemination of research findings in the field of Economics, Finance and social sciences from the primary level to provincial, national, and international levels. Additionally, the invites commentaries and original opinion pieces or analyses of issues and events of concern to the concerned domains. Views expressed in the Journal are the authors’ views, based on their research works and analyses.
Collaborative Educational Learning Institute
Spatial Layout and Human Circulation in Public University Buildings: A Conceptual Framework for Post-Occupancy Research in Pakistan
As soon as you walk into any public university building in Pakistan, you feel it. Something is off. The entrance leads to a hall that branches off in an unclear direction. You turn left and right; it doesn't tell you anything either. This paper emerged from this sense. Not as an abstraction, but from years of experience in and around Pakistan's educational institutions as a professional. These buildings are designed in ways that are not fulfilling their users' needs. Learners walk around, walk around, with unnecessary confusion in their daily life, walk through spaces that were never intended for their movement. In this paper, a framework for studying that failure systematically is proposed and discussed. These five dimensions of spatial circulation experience are majorly focused : spatial legibility, infrastructure, corridor quality, avoidance behavior, and overall satisfaction. Each dimension is considered by drawing on the concepts of space syntax, and human centered design, and also introduce a survey instrument with which the framework can be empirically applied in public universities of Pakistan. The goal is simple. Students from this country should feel at home at the university. They are designed to be broad and easy to read, seated in a comfortable way, cosy corners for reading, and corridors are designed to be orienting rather than confusing. This paper is one step towards an understanding of the reasons why so many of them do not.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dialogue Social Science Review (DSSR)
Maritime Security and Strategic Competition in the Indian Ocean: A Realist Analysis of the China–India–United States Triangle
This article examines the evolving dynamics of maritime security competition in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) through the lens of classical realist and structural realist theory. It argues that the triangular strategic relationship between China, India, and the United States constitutes the defining axis of twenty-first-century maritime order in the IOR. Drawing on the core realist premises of anarchy, self-help, and the balance of power, the article analyses how each state pursues naval expansion, seeks to control maritime chokepoints, and constructs partnerships calibrated to offset rival power. The article contends that China's maritime assertiveness, driven by the strategic imperative of protecting sea lines of communication (SLOCs) and projecting power beyond its near seas, has catalysed a countervailing alignment between India and the United States that reshapes the strategic geography of the wider Indo-Pacific. While structural pressures toward balancing remain dominant, the article also identifies the countervailing logic of asymmetric interdependence and institutional hedging that complicates a purely conflictual trajectory. The analysis relies on process tracing and qualitative case comparison grounded in primary strategic documents and a systematic engagement with the existing literature. The article concludes that, absent a robust multilateral maritime security architecture, the IOR is likely to remain an arena of persistent great-power competition.
Impacts of Mental Imagery on the Performance: A Case Study of Male University Football Players of the University of Layyah
Mental imagery (MI) or visualization, mental rehearsal is a very effective mental skill that activates neural pathways to improve athletic performance that is similar to the actual execution of the skill. In this case study, the impact of 6 weeks of structured mental imagery training on football specific performance of 20 male university football players from University of Layyah, Pakistan was investigated. The participants were tested using a pre-test/post-test experimental design, where baseline testing was conducted on the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT) and a skill battery of football skills including decision-making, shooting accuracy and dribbling. Interventions of guided focused sessions on skill, strategy, goal, affective and mastery imagery, three times weekly for 15-20 minutes per session. There was a significant increase in LSPT scores (p < 0.05) and in the overall skill performance post-treatment. The study emphasizes the practical use of MI in Pakistani university which can be constrained due to limited physical training facilities. Results support mental training as an element of sports science education and suggest that future long-term studies using imagery in team training and female athletes should be conducted. Keywords: Impacts, Mental Imagery, Performance, Football players, Case Study, The University of Layyah.
Development of Agility and Speed Through Fundamental Phase LTAD Training in Young Girls: A School-Based Experimental Study
The current research investigated the impact of a 12-week fundamental phase Long-term Athlete Development training program on agility and speed of young girls between 6 and 9 years in Punjab Pakistan. Randomized pretest- posttest controlled experimental design was used. A sample population of 40 participants was randomly selected into the experimental group (n = 20), and control group (n = 20). The experimental group was involved in a structured intervention based on LTAD, and the control group provided normal school operations. The Illinois Agility Test and 20-meter dash test were used to measure agility and speed, respectively. Independent samples t-tests did not reveal any significant differences between the groups at baseline (p > .05). Paired-samples t-tests showed that speed (t = 23.19, p <.001, d = 5.19) and agility (t = 49.83, p <.001, d = 11.15) were significantly improved in the experimental group as compared to the control group. Repeated measures ANCOVA demonstrated significant Time × Group interaction effects for speed (F = 269.04, p < .001, η² = .876) and agility (F = 1241.33, p < .001, η² = .970). It shows that Fundamental phase LTAD training is effective in enhancing performance of young girls with the use of physical literacy. Keywords: Child; physical literacy; motor skills; agility & speed training.
Relationship of Mobile Game Addiction and Screen Exposure with Hyperactivity and Social Skills in Children with ADHD
This study was designed to explore the associations between mobile game addiction, screen time, hyperactivity and social skills in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Smartphones, digital games, tablets and digital technology are more common than ever in the modern world which can have a negative impact on children's behavioral and social development and particularly on the vulnerable groups, including children with ADHD. A quantitative correlational research design was used in this study. The sample included 150 children diagnosed with ADHD who were selected by purposive sampling procedure in schools and clinical settings. The age of the participants is in the range from 7 to 12 years. Standardized measures were used to gather data such as the Mobile Game Addiction Scale, Screen Exposure Questionnaire, Hyperactivity Scale, and Social Skills Rating Scale. Data collected was analysed with SPSS software, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA and regression analysis. The findings of the study showed that the correlation between the hyperactivity and the mobile game addiction of ADHD children was positive and significant. Hyperactivity was also associated with exposure to screen. Moreover, there was a strong negative correlation between the two forms of addiction, mobile gaming and screen time, and social skills. The results of regression analysis showed that mobile game addiction and screen exposure significantly explained the variance in hyperactivity and social skills respectively, with a significant portion of the variance being accounted for. The ANOVA results revealed the differences in hyperactivity according to the categories of screen exposure were also significant. According to the analysis, overuse of mobile games and screen time can be harmful to the social development of children with ADHD and could exacerbate hyperactivity symptoms in such children. The study concludes that screen time and gaming behaviors need to be monitored and controlled to enhance children's behavioural and social behaviours.
Examining the Impact of Differentiated Instructions on Students Learning at Primary Level in One of the Private Schools of Karachi
Differentiated instruction is a teaching approach through which teachers adjust their teaching practices to meet the diverse learning needs of individual student in the classroom. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of differentiated instruction on the learning of Grade 4 students in a private primary school in District Malir, Karachi. The educational problem that motivated this research is that many students in traditional classrooms remain passive learner while being disengaged and unable to comprehend lesson content because teachers use a one-size-fits-all teaching method that does not respond to diverse individual needs in student willingness, ability, and interest. To investigate this problem, the study used a qualitative action research design, which allowed the researcher to actively teach, observe, and reflect on classroom practices across ten lessons. A convenience sample of 20 students Grade 4 were selected by the researcher. Data was collected by using observation, and semi-structured interviews across two phases — a pre-intervention phase using traditional teaching methods and a post-intervention phase using differentiated instruction strategies including flexible grouping, tiered tasks, and hands-on activities. The findings exposed that students demonstrated significantly higher motivation, active participation, stronger critical thinking, and improved collaborative skills after implementing differentiated instructions. Based on these findings, it is recommended that teachers should regularly incorporate differentiated instruction into their lesson planning to enhance student engagement, motivation, learning practices and academic achievement at primary level.
Relationship Between Obsessive Thoughts, Anxiety Symptoms, and Coping Strategies in University Students
The purpose of this research was to determine the interrelationship of obsession, anxiety, and coping among college students. Life at universities tends to involve high levels of academic pressures, social problems, and individual accountability, and therefore is likely to cause some psychological issues. Students may report obsessive thoughts and anxiety-related symptoms as common experiences, which may affect their coping methods. The study was based on the cognitive behavioral theory of obsessions and the stress and coping transactional model.A Quantitative cross sectional correlational research approach was adopted for the study. Participants for the study included 250 university students ranging in age from 18 to 25 years that were recruited through convenience sampling from the University of Gujrat, Pakistan. For data collection, standardized self-report measures were used in the form of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R) for measuring obsessive thoughts, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for measuring anxiety symptoms, and Brief COPE Inventory for measuring coping methods.These findings reveal that there is a low correlation between obsessive thinking and anxiety with the coping mechanism, indicating that these constructs were poor predictors of the coping strategy employed by the participants. These results demonstrate the complexity involved in the process of coping and imply that there might be other variables influencing the coping process.
Self-Efficacy And Pedagogical Practices Of General Education School Teachers For Teaching Students With Diversity In Regular Classroom
The growing diversity of learners in regular elementary classrooms has increased the need for teachers who are both confident in their ability to teach diverse learners and able to use effective pedagogical practices in everyday classroom work. In Pakistan, inclusive education has gained policy attention, yet classroom-level practice still depends greatly on what teachers believe they can do and what they actually do in regular classrooms. Against this background, the present study examined the self-efficacy of general education elementary school teachers, the pedagogical practices they employ for teaching diverse learners, and the relationship between these two variables. The study was guided by three objectives: to determine the level of teachers’ self-efficacy, to investigate the pedagogical practices used by teachers, and to examine the relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy and their pedagogical practices in regular classrooms. A quantitative survey research design was used. The population consisted of 980 government elementary school teachers from three districts of Punjab Khanewal, Vehari, and Sahiwal through two-stage proportionate stratified random sampling. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire with three sections: demographics, a 12-item self-efficacy scale, and a 12-item pedagogical practices scale. Data were analysed using SPSS through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent-samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The findings showed that teachers reported a positive level of self-efficacy (M = 3.79, SD = 0.21) and a high level of pedagogical practices (M = 4.19, SD = 0.21). The correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between self-efficacy and pedagogical practices (r = 0.319, p = 0.048), indicating that teachers with stronger self-efficacy also tended to report stronger pedagogical practices. Group comparisons showed only small mean differences across gender, district, age, and teaching experience, while qualification-based differences in teaching practices were not statistically meaningful. Item-wise findings further showed strong agreement with positive statements related to both constructs. The study concludes that teachers’ self-efficacy and pedagogical practices move in the same positive direction and together provide an important basis for teaching diverse learners in regular classrooms. It is recommended that teacher education institutions, school leaders, and government bodies strengthen practice-based professional development, inclusive pedagogy training, and school-level support systems to help teachers sustain inclusive teaching more effectively.
Communication Skills of Librarians: A Key to Quality Service Delivery in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's Public Libraries
The effective communication skills are very much crucial for the library professionals to provide best-quality library services and to ensure users satisfaction. This research investigates the impact of library professionals’ communication skills on the service delivery in all the public libraries of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Quantitative research design was employed, involving 84 library professionals and 170 library users across the public libraries in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The results highlighted that librarians excel in written communication (Mean = 4.23) and verbal communication (Mean = 4.10), but struggle with non-verbal communication (Mean = 3.01) and interpersonal skills (Mean = 2.99). Technology (Mean = 4.1) and language barriers (Mean = 4.0) are significant difficulties to effective communication. The study also shows a positive correlation between librarians' communication skills and user satisfaction, with written communication (r = 0.75) and active listening (r = 0.70) being highly significant. The results suggest that developing strong communication skills, particularly in non-verbal and interpersonal areas, is essential for librarians to improve user satisfaction and service quality. Recommendations include integrating communication skills training into library professional development programs and promoting awareness about the importance of effective communication in library services.
Evaluating the Impact of Active-Learning Strategies on Students' Understanding of Mathematics in a Public Secondary School of Chitral Lower
This study examined the impact of active-learning strategies on the geometry and measurement performance of Grade X female students in a public secondary school in district Chitral Lower. A pre-experimental one-group pre-test/post-test design was employed with a purposive sample of 25 students. A self-developed, curriculum-aligned Geometry Achievement Test (GAT) comprising 25 items (10 MCQs and 15 constructed-response questions) totalling 50 marks was administered before and after a four-week active-learning intervention. The GAT assessed four cognitive domains: understanding, application, analysis, and problem-solving. Expert review yielded a Content Validity Index of 0.86, and Cronbach's Alpha reliability was 0.88. Descriptive statistics revealed a mean gain of 9.44 marks (pre-test M = 28.12, SD = 3.98; post-test M = 37.56, SD = 4.22). Domain-wise analysis showed the greatest gain in the analysis domain (MG = 3.04), followed by application (MG = 2.74), understanding (MG = 2.02), and problem-solving (MG = 1.64). A one-sample paired t-test confirmed a statistically significant improvement, t(24) = 15.45, p < 0.001, with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.25). These findings affirm that structured, active-learning interventions can meaningfully enhance geometry achievement at the secondary level in resource-constrained rural settings.
“Impacts of climate change on the Human migration in Dadu district Sindh Pakistan”
Migration in sensitive areas is becoming more and more influenced by climate change. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of climate hazards on human migration in Dadu District (Sindh Province) in Pakistan. The study employed a mixed methods design, combining secondary climate and socio-economic data with primary household data surveys and key informant interviews in 2024. We compare climate variables (trend in rainfall and temperature) from 2010-2023 with survey data on migration outcomes using SPSS for statistical correlations and regressions. Our quantitative results indicate a strong relationship between extreme monsoon floods and the increased migration: when the monsoon floods, the out-migration rate from Dadu significantly increased in heavy-flood years, such as 2010 and 2022. For instance, the correlation coefficient of Pearson between annual rainfall anomalies and number of migrating households is r≈0.93 with p<0.01 indicating a strong relationship. Logistic regression reveals that each unit increase in flood severity significantly increases the risk of at least one household member migrating, adjusting for income and education level of the household. Flood related crop losses and damage to housing are identified as key “push” factors following the qualitative interviews, in line with the literature on climate vulnerability [1][2]. Poorer families were more likely to move (often temporarily) in search of jobs, while better off families managed to deal with pressures through existing support networks [1][3]. The results are consistent with the previous studies, as hundreds of millions of people have been displaced in Sindh (7 million in 2022 floods[4]) and Dadu was hit hard in the floods[5]. We are developing a conceptual framework that connects climate stress (flood/drought) to migration through shocks to livelihoods and the moderation of socioeconomic resilience. Policymakers should consider migration as a component of adaptation, for instance by creating "migration-sensitive" adaptation funds and involving rural migrants in the planning process [6]. Distress migration can be minimised if agriculture is resilient to climate change and disaster preparedness is enhanced in Dadu.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Speech-to-Text Technology in Improving Pronunciation among ESL Learners
This study examines how well Speech-to-Text (STT) Technology actually works as a tool for helping ESL learners improve their pronunciation. Despite the fact that speech recognition apps are now everywhere in education, we still have solid empirical evidence about whether they genuinely help learners produce more accurate speech sounds. Using a Quasi-experimental design, this study tracked pronunciation gains over a twelve-week period, comparing learners who used STT-mediated feedback against those in traditional classroom settings. The investigation looked at multiple dimensions of pronunciation: segmental accuracy, suprasegmental features and overall intelligibility, using both established rating scales and acoustic analysis. The results showed that the STT group improved significantly more in segmental accuracy and developed stronger self-monitoring habits, though gains in suprasegmental features were noticeably smaller. When asked about their experience, learners consistently mentioned that they valued the immediate, non-judgmental feedback the technology provided, even while acknowledging its limitations with prosodic nuance. These findings point toward a complementary role for STT tools rather than using them as a standalone solution. The study adds to the growing CAPT literature by providing empirical backing for weaving STT applications into ESL curricula.
British Colonial Administration In Gilgit Agency (1886–1947)
This paper examines the administrative structure and political governance of the Gilgit Agency between 1901 and 1935 under British colonial rule. The study analyzes how the British transformed Gilgit from a loosely controlled frontier territory into a strategically organized administrative outpost of the British Indian Empire. Situated at the crossroads of Central Asia, Kashmir, Afghanistan, and Chinese Turkestan, the Gilgit Agency held immense geopolitical significance during the period of Anglo-Russian rivalry known as the “Great Game.” The research explores the system of dual administration in which the Dogra Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir retained nominal sovereignty while real authority rested with the British Political Agent. It further investigates the establishment of the Gilgit Scouts in 1913, the use of intelligence and surveillance networks, the development of roads, telegraph systems, and military infrastructure, and the role of local rulers under indirect colonial control. The paper also highlights how the British blended customary tribal practices with colonial judicial mechanisms to maintain stability in the frontier region. Special attention is given to British relations with Hunza, Nagar, Punial, Darel, and Tangir, where subsidies, diplomacy, and strategic surveillance were used to secure loyalty and prevent external influence. Using archival sources, official reports, gazetteers, and historical literature, the study argues that British administration in Gilgit was primarily motivated by strategic and security concerns rather than economic development. Although limited social and economic changes emerged through infrastructure, education, and trade, the region remained militarized and politically controlled. The paper concludes that the administrative practices introduced during this period laid the foundation for the later 1935 lease agreement and continued to influence governance structures in the region beyond the end of colonial rule in 1947.
Corporate Liability in Healthcare Waste Mismanagement: An Assessment of Regulatory Failures in Hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Health care mismanagement in terms of waste management is a major issue in developing countries, where it has not received satisfactory focus despite being classified as infectious. When such neglect is attributable, it constitutes corporate misconduct due to nonfulfillment with legal and public health obligations. The aim of this research study is to analyse the compliance status with the HWM Rules 2005 to identify the underlying reasons of overall mishandling and malpractices of healthcare waste management in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Drawing on primary data, the study finds that the inadequate applications and discrepancies in the overall system of the waste management. The study also identifies that the lack of awareness of the HWM 2005 rules among nurses and paramedical staff and administration regarding waste handling constitutes corporate misconduct which is hazardous for public health. On the administration side, the lack of proper monitoring and supervision system has further aggravated the situation. The findings suggest improvements in the management of healthcare waste in Peshawar as well as in overall Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
A Critical Analysis of Learner-Centered Pedagogy and Cognitive Demands in The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Grade 10th Textbook
This paper examines the cognitive demand and a shift in pedagogical manner from traditional method to learner-centered pedagogy in 10th grade book of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa textbook. The cognitive demands are analyzed through six categories of Bloom’s taxonomy and through activities in the textbook, the shift from a traditional manner to a learner-centered pedagogy. The data is qualitative and collected through purposive sampling. The exercise of each chapter is coded through thematic analysis to get an in-depth analysis of each chapter. Every chapter has low-order cognitive skills to moderate level, and the traditional method is present in every exercise. The study highlights the need for more learner-centered approaches to inculcate critical thinking and analytical ability in students.
Memetic Phrase Evolution: A Corpus Based Computational Analysis of Viral Language on Social Media
Nowadays, language is a dynamic, developing system, with words and phrases gaining new meanings, with meanings changing, and even coming and going in a few weeks with the advent of social media. This research deals with evolutionary phonetics via computational approach based on a corpus. It analyzes a huge amount of data from websites like Twitter, YouTube, Reddit and other social media platforms, and gives insights into what makes a phrase go viral and how these phrases develop over time in terms of virality. Using techniques of frequency analysis, collocation patterns, sentiment tracking and temporal modeling, the work shows that memetic phrases undergo an evolutionary process much like that of biological evolution. The evolution of a meme is shown to be affected by the affordances of the platform, the ways people interact with the meme, and by contextual reinterpretations. A replication of a computational framework to investigate language change in online contexts is not only an independent contribution to the fields of corpus linguistics and digital discourse, but it may also serve as an example for other researchers interested in studying language change in digital settings.The terms used in the title are memetic phrases, viral language, social media discourse, corpus linguistics, computational linguistics, natural language processing, semantic shift, memetic drift, sentiment analysis, collocation analysis, temporal modeling, language evolution, digital discourse, lexical innovation, cross-platform analysis.
Supply Chain Management and Its Impact on Organizational Performance
This study examines how the practices of Supply Chain Management (SCM) impact performance in Pakistan. The study has quantitative and cross-sectional design, and data has been taken from 60 respondents from different organizations in Faisalabad using a questionnaire. To quantify the SCM practices, efficiency and service quality to quantify organizational performance, the study used supplier relationship management, information sharing, internal integration and customer relationship management. Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation and regression were used to analyze the data through SPSS. The results indicate that all SCM practices have a positive and significant impact on the performance of an organization. In particular, customer relationship management and information sharing were the most significant. The study concludes that adoption of SCM practices leads to improvement of performance in the organization by enhancing coordination, communication and relationships within the supply chain.
Challenges Faced by the Parliament of Pakistan (2008–2018)
This study examines the major challenges faced by the Parliament of Pakistan during the period 2008–2018, a decade marked by democratic transition and institutional continuity. While this era witnessed the restoration of parliamentary sovereignty following the end of military rule, the functioning of Parliament remained constrained by structural, political, and institutional limitations. Drawing on historical context and contemporary developments, the study highlights how long-standing patterns of civil–military imbalance, weak democratic traditions, and political instability continued to shape parliamentary performance. The research identifies key challenges including executive dominance, weak legislative capacity, ineffective committee systems, and the lack of internal democracy within political parties. The persistence of elite control and factionalism further limited representative governance and policy effectiveness. Additionally, issues related to electoral integrity, the role of the Election Commission, and public distrust contributed to weakening parliamentary legitimacy. The study also underscores the impact of external factors such as U.S. involvement, the War on Terror, and regional instability, which reinforced the dominance of non-parliamentary institutions in policymaking. Moreover, internal challenges such as corruption, political polarization, ethnic tensions, and security crises significantly affected parliamentary functioning. The rise of judicial activism and media influence introduced new dynamics of accountability but also contributed to institutional conflicts. Overall, the findings suggest that despite constitutional reforms and democratic continuity, Pakistan’s Parliament during 2008–2018 operated within a hybrid political system where its authority remained limited. The study concludes that strengthening democratic institutions requires not only constitutional reforms but also institutional capacity-building, political maturity, and enhanced public trust.
Mapping the ACEs–Suicide Connection: Voices of Young Survivors in Marginalized Communities
Youth suicide is an important worldwide health issue, and self-injury is one of the top three reasons that make people aged between 15 and 24 die (World Health Organization, 2021). Marginalized and rural communities are especially vulnerable to this problem as poverty; structural inequities and lack of access to mental health services interact to increase risk. Youths in such environments usually face social isolation, mental illness cultural stigma, and broken healthcare systems which may increase psychological distress and undermine protective resources.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Students Engagement at Elementary level in Private School, Karachi
The role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in modifying education has achieved importance globally, especially in enhancing students’ engagement in classroom at elementary level. This study explores the effectiveness of AI-integrated education in enhancing student engagement at elementary level in a private school of Karachi. This research find out how AI tools and platforms encourage active participation and motivation among young learner by providing personalized learning experiences. This research also examines the impact of AI on student-teacher interaction, engagement, collaboration and classroom dynamics. Action research was used under qualitative design and convenient sampling was employed to conduct this study. Five pre-intervention and five post intervention lesson plans are conducted for observation. Sample of this research was 25 students of grade 7th of a private school Karachi. Findings shows that AI-based learning activities enhance the engagement, interaction and collaboration among students. Result further indicates that AI-integrated learning minimize boredom and disengagement and helps in dealing with challenges of traditional education. This study highlights how AI-based learning activities bridge up the gaps in engagement of students in classrooms at elementary level in private schools. On the basis of these findings it is recommended Schools should provide training sessions and workshops to teachers to equip them with practical AI-based strategies and tools. Teachers should use customizable AI-based tools to make activities interactive and collaborative which minimize setup time while enhancing engagement.
Community Norms and Maternal Health Education: Challenges and Prospects in Gilgit
The Maternal health education is essential for improving maternal and reproductive health outcomes; however, in District Gilgit-Baltistan, community norms significantly shape women’s access to health information and services. This study examines the challenges and prospects of maternal health education within the framework of prevailing socio-cultural practices, gender roles, religious interpretations, and traditional belief systems. Using a qualities research approach. The findings reveal that limited decision-making power, early marriages, mobility restrictions, and reliance on traditional birth attendants restrict women’s exposure to formal maternal health education, while social stigma surrounding reproductive discussions further limits open communication. Despite these challenges, increasing female literacy rates, the active role of Lady Health Workers, community-based awareness programs, and expanding media access present significant opportunities for improvement. The study concludes that culturally sensitive interventions, greater male involvement, and collaboration with community and religious leaders are crucial for strengthening maternal health education and promoting sustainable improvements in maternal and reproductive health awareness in Gilgit-Baltistan.
Slow Violence and Urban Decay: A Nixonian Eco-Critical Close Reading of Abbas’s The Empty Room
This study critically examines representations of urban decay in The Empty Room through Rob Nixon’s concepts of slow violence and the environmentalism of the poor. It addresses how environmental degradation in urban settings becomes normalized and invisible, despite its disproportionate impact on marginalized communities. Using a qualitative eco-critical close reading of the text, the study analyzes how the novel depicts gradual environmental decline through infrastructural breakdown, spatial confinement, and ecological neglect. The findings show that urban decay functions as slow violence, affecting disadvantaged urban communities incrementally and persistently. The analysis further reveals that environmental degradation is closely tied to class inequality and postcolonial urban conditions, exposing the links between ecological and social vulnerability. The study contributes to eco-critical and postcolonial environmental scholarship by showing how literary representations of urban space can make hidden forms of environmental injustice visible.
Wearable or Beware-able? The Physiological Cost of Quantifying Every Beat, Step, and Breath
The wearable technology market has grown exponentially all over the world, and the devices are promising access to personal physiological data never before. But behind the beauty of self-quantification is a complicated terrain of physiological, psychological, and economic trade offs. This article critically discusses how the advantages of perpetual biometric observation are more than what we call the physiological cost the unseen costs of misleading information, algorithmic anxiety and health-related technology which may negatively affect wellbeing. By reviewing recent validation articles, such as that by Kaya et al. (2026) that wearable signals alone can only reach 77.8% accuracy in distinguishing between psychological stress and rest, and systematic reviews showing that mean absolute percentage errors of wearable sensors are 12.48 and 30.70 in heart rate and energy expenditure respectively (Carrier et al., 2024), we claim that The article summarises 183 systematic reviews on three use cases (Palmer et al., 2025), outlines key research gaps and suggests a framework of conscious interactions with wearable technology that puts user agency over algorithmic power. Keywords: Wearable technology, physiological monitoring, stress detection, data accuracy, algorithmic anxiety, health behaviour change, quantified self.
Exploring the Role of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) in Language Learning at Undergraduate Level: Perceptions and Problems
This study explores the role of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) in English language learning at the undergraduate level by examining students’ perceptions, benefits, and challenges associated with mobile learning technologies. The study aims to investigate how university students use mobile devices for language learning, identify the problems faced by both students and teachers, and suggest ways to improve the effectiveness of MALL in higher education. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected through a questionnaire based on a Likert scale from undergraduate students. The findings reveal that most students frequently use mobile devices for language learning due to their flexibility, accessibility, and interactive nature. Applications such as Duolingo, YouTube, BBC Learning English, and Google Translate were found to be popular among learners. Students reported that MALL improved vocabulary, pronunciation, listening skills, and learner motivation. However, several challenges were also identified, including distractions from social media, lack of structured learning content, technical issues related to internet connectivity and storage, overdependence on applications, and insufficient teacher guidance. The study concludes that MALL can significantly enhance language learning when integrated with traditional classroom teaching rather than replacing it completely. It also emphasizes the need for teacher training, reliable technological infrastructure, and properly designed educational applications to maximize the benefits of mobile learning. The findings of this study may help educators, curriculum designers, and policymakers develop more effective and technology-supported language learning environments at the undergraduate level.
Parental Divorce and Socioecological Resilience in Big and Little Questions (According to Wren Joe Byrd)
This study explores the tween’s socio-ecological resilience in the face of parental divorce in Middle Grade American novel, Big and Little Questions (According to Wren Jo Byrd). The text employs Ungar’s theoretical lens of socioecological to explore the tween protagonist, Wren’s resilience in the face of parental divorce. The textual analysis of selected excerpts is based on analytical framework of Catherine Belsey which is a qualitative and interpretive strategy of analyzing texts. The study examines the tween’s negotiation of her adversity through culturally relevant resources. This analysis reveals that in the absence of relational resources the tween asserts her agency and negotiates for culturally attuned symbolic resources of dictionary, diary and digital support system. She achieves resilience through assertion of agency, negotiation of relational support, seeking peer integration and parental validation, and acknowledging her fragmented familial reality. Moreover, she focuses on textual symbols and metaphors as a means of critique of social discourses which ignore emotional needs of the tween and overburden her with adult responsibilities. The study concludes that middle grade fiction holds significant potential for illuminating the socio-ecological dimensions of resilience. Keywords: Parental divorce, MG fiction, tween, socio-ecological resilience, relational resources, critique of divorce discourses.
Breaking Linguistic Boundaries: Stylistic Innovation in E. E. Cummings’ Love is More Thicker Than Forget
This study presents a stylistic analysis of the poem “Love is more thicker than forget” by E. E. Cummings through the theoretical perspectives of H. G. Widdowson and M. A. K. Halliday. The research investigates how Cummings manipulates language, structure, and poetic deviation to foreground the complexity and paradoxical nature of love. Drawing on Widdowson’s stylistic approach, the study examines the relationship between linguistic choices and literary interpretation, focusing on lexical deviation, syntactic irregularities, semantic ambiguity, and graphological experimentation. Simultaneously, Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics framework is employed to exp lore the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions embedded in the poem. The analysis reveals that Cummings intentionally disrupts conventional grammatical structures and employs paradoxical imagery to challenge traditional representations of love and emotion. The study further demonstrates how stylistic deviation contributes to thematic depth, emotional intensity, and reader engagement. By integrating Widdowson’s interpretative stylistics with Halliday’s functional linguistic model, the paper highlights the interconnectedness of form and meaning in poetic discourse. The findings suggest that the poem’s unconventional style is not merely aesthetic but serves as a deliberate linguistic strategy to convey the ineffable and multidimensional experience of love. This research contributes to the field of literary stylistics by illustrating the effectiveness of combined linguistic frameworks in uncovering deeper meanings within modern poetry. Keyword: Stylistics, Poetic Deviation, Foregrounding, Paradoxical Nature, Syntactic Irregularities
Attitudes and Perceptions of Non-Punjabi Speakers Toward the Punjabi Language
In a multilingual sociolinguistic setting in Pakistan, this study examines how non-Punjabi speakers feel about the Punjabi language. A structured questionnaire given to thirty non-Punjabi speakers and semi-structured interviews with chosen participants were used in a mixed-methods approach to gather data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data and thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative responses. The results show that non-Punjabi speakers recognize Punjabi as a significant regional language with rich historical and cultural significance and they typically have positive cultural and emotional attitudes toward the language. However, Punjabi is generally regarded as less formal and prestigious especially when compared to Urdu and English and is deemed inappropriate for formal and academic contexts. Two major factors influencing these perceptions were found to be social stereotypes and a lack of institutional support. In order to advance linguistic equality in Pakistan the study underlines the complexity and diversity of language attitudes as well as the necessity of inclusive language policies and increased institutional recognition of Punjabi.
Impact of ELSA Speak Application on English Consonant Pronunciation Accuracy among Grade 10 ESL Learners in the Educators School, Nowshera
English pronunciation is a key skill for communicating with others, but it is among the least developed in a typical Pakistani schools ESL (English as a second language) class. One of the common challenges Pakistani learners face with English is its phonological system, which lacks consonant sounds from their L1. This study investigates English consonant accuracy gain between the use of ELSA Speak, an AI-based pronunciation application, and Grade 10 English as an additional language (ESL) students in a Private school located in Nowshera, Pakistan. Thirty-five Grade 10 students were involved during a 5-week period. The instruments used were a consonant word list, a pronunciation test and a perception questionnaire. Means, percentages, and a paired-samples t-test were used to analyze the data. Results have shown that consonant accuracy significantly improved after the intervention. There were some positive changes for the /θ/, /v/, /z/ and /ð/ sounds. Students' views about ELSA Speak were very positive. The study validates that ELSA Speak is an effective, easily accessible tool for pronouncing consonants at the word level in under-resourced Pakistani ESL contexts.
A Hybrid Ai Framework For Intelligent Spam Email Detection
With the exponential growth of digital transmission, email remains one of the multiple widely used venues. Yet, the peak of unasked and hostile emails typically directed to as spam poses a considerable danger to data security and user aloneness. This study offers a relative analysis of classical machine learning algorithms for practical spam email detection. A real-world dataset consisting of over 5,500 email notifications marked as either spam or ham (non-spam) was employed. The dataset underwent preprocessing, including text normalization and feature extraction using Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF). Class inequality was handled using the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE). Nine machine learning models Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Logistic Regression (LR), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Gradient Boosting (Boost), CNN, and Distil BERT + XGB were prepared. Model interpretation was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC metrics. Among all models, CNN reached the highest accuracy and precision of 99.85%, along with 93% recall and a 96% F1 score, indicating healthy detection capability with minimal false positives. The findings suggest that ensemble-based techniques, particularly CNN and RF, offer robust and scalable solutions for real-time spam detection systems. This research contributes to the development of clever email filtering systems and offers a foundation for future advancements using deep knowledge and explainable AI.
The Murder of Aziz Khan: A Cultural Materialist Perspective
The study aims to study the Pakistani English novel, Ghose’s the Murder of Aziz Khan, through the lens of Raymond Williams’ Cultural Materialism (2011), focusing on three structures (levels) of Cultural Materialism, i.e., Infrastructures, Structure and Superstructure, which remain largely unexplored in the novel. To analyze and interpret the novel through the lens of cultural materialism, qualitative research method, using textual analysis model proposed by Catherine Belsey (2013) has been applied. Williams conceptualizes the relationship between infrastructure, structure and superstructure as dynamic and interrelated. The findings of the study show that the novel exposes a complex interplay among infrastructure, structure and superstructure, in which economic transformations (base) shape social institutions (structure) which are both ideologically sustained and challenged through cultural practices (infrastructure). Thus, the study concludes that different material conditions and social structures shape cultural differences. Since material conditions continuously restructure cultural meanings, therefore, future studies may reconsider literary texts usually studied through a static view of culture, which would generate deeper insights.