Remitances As A Game Changer For The Climate Smart Agriculture Of The Vulnerable Communities Of Tehsil Shabqadar Charsadda

Abstract

The present study was conducted to explore remittances as a game changer for the climate smart agriculture of the vulnerable communities of Tehsil Shabqadar Charsadda. District Charsadda, tehsil Shabqadar village Pirqilla, Dalazak and rashakai were selected for the research study. The data were randomly collected from three different villages in Shabqadar. 123 sample size was extracted by using proportional allocation method and Yamane formula. Data were analyzed through STATA and various techniques, regression analysis, and data visualization were analyzed through MS excel. The results of probit model show remittances, education, non-farm income, and credit access significantly increase CSA adoption, while landholding had a weak or insignificant effect. A stepwise model revealed adoption is driven by a bundle of complementary factors: risk reduction habits, credit access, extension contact, assets, and non-farm income, with the full model providing the best explanatory power. The multiple regression indicates remittances significantly increase CSA expenditure, while climate shocks reduce it, with panel models confirming the robustness of these drivers over time. The bivariate probit confirms a strong, positive causal effect of remittances on adoption after correcting for endogeneity, revealing a positive selection effect driven by unobserved entrepreneurial traits. Ultimately, remittances act as a critical financial enabler, but effective CSA adoption depends on complementary access to information, credit, and risk management resources.