SPORTS, FITNESS, AND SOCIAL MOBILITY IN URBAN PAKISTAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY WITH LONGITUDINAL INSIGHTS

Abstract

Background and Aim: This study examines how sports and fitness participation contribute to social mobility in urban Pakistan. Although extensive evidence links physical activity to health, little is known about its role in enhancing social capital and opportunities for upward mobility in low- and middle-income countries. This research addresses this gap by surveying urban populations and assessing short-term longitudinal changes.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey (n = 600) with a six-month follow-up subsample (n = 300) was conducted among university students, gym-goers, and community sports participants in Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad. Screening instruments were the International Physical Activity Questionnaire: Short Form (IPAQ-SF), WHO-5 Wellbeing Index and a Social Capital & Mobility Index (SCMI). Data were examined by means of descriptive statistics, multiple-regression analysis, and structural equation modeling.

Results: Cross-sectional analyses Higher sports participation was associated to a greater extent with perceived social mobility (β = 0.34, p <. 001) and well-being (β = 0.29, p <. 01), independent of socioeconomic status. Follow-up analysis revealed increases in mobility scores (+8.4%, 95% CI [6.2, 10.5], p <. 001) among high-participation groups. Graphs showed persistent social differences but also partial convergence by organised exercise.

Conclusion: Findings support the role of sports and fitness as sociocultural resources for enhancing upward mobility in urban Pakistan. Policy initiatives integrating community-based sports programs into educational and urban planning strategies may strengthen equity and social cohesion.