Banana Stem Fiber as a Sustainable Raw Material for Biodegradable Packaging: Development and Characterization of Fiber-Based Sheets

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of banana stem fibers (BSF) as an eco-friendly raw material for biodegradable packaging. Banana pseudostems, a major agricultural residue, are often discarded after fruit harvesting despite their high cellulose content and favorable mechanical properties. This work focuses on extracting, processing, and testing BSF-based sheets to evaluate their mechanical strength, bonding, flexibility, and surface characteristics. Four formulations were prepared, including pure BSF pulp, BSF with starch, BSF with starch and plasticizers (aloe vera and glycerin), and BSF with starch combined with waste paper pulp. The mechanical properties of the resulting sheets were tested, and their performance was compared against commercial handmade packaging papers. Results revealed that pure BSF sheets exhibited poor bonding and surface finish, while the inclusion of starch improved adhesion but reduced flexibility. The addition of aloe vera and glycerin enhanced pliability and surface smoothness, while waste paper pulp further improved tensile strength, strain capacity, and durability. Tensile strength ranged between 4.8 and 6.5 N/mm², and strain values between 2.1% and 2.85%, placing BSF composites within the range of handmade eco-packaging materials. This research highlights BSF as a viable renewable material that supports waste valorization and circular economy practices while reducing reliance on plastic and wood-pulp-based packaging.

Keywords: Banana stem fiber, biodegradable packaging, tensile strength, starch composites, waste valorization, sustainable materials